Analysis of Second Language Writing and Research: The Writing Process and Error Analysis in Student Texts
In the article analyzed, the use of quotations is a frequent device; many authors are quoted in order to provide a clear idea of the topic of second language writing and research. As an example, two authors are quoted when referring to the writer’s task: By putting together concepts and solving problems, the writer engages in "a two-way interaction between continuously developing knowledge and continuously developing text" (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987, p. 12, as cited in Myles,…).When mentioning the difficulty writing in a second language presents to the learners, other authors are quoted, narrowing the degree of difficulty , "particularly those who bring with them a set of conventions that are at odds with those of the academic world they are entering" (Kutz, Groden & Zamel, 1993, p. 30, as cited in Myles,……). Also, the concept of discourse community is mentioned in this article, supported by Swales (1990, p. 4) who states that writing "should not be viewed solely as an individually-oriented, inner-directed cognitive process, but as much as an acquired response to the discourse conventions . . . within particular communities" (as cited in Myles,….). Related to this, Bereiter and Scardamalia (1987), criticize formal schooling that encourages the more passive kind of cognition by "continually telling students what to do," rather than encouraging them "to follow their spontaneous interests and impulses . . . and assume responsibility for what becomes of their minds" (p. 361, as cited in Myles….).
Some quotations present omissions, for example when Schuman (1998) is cited in relation to the role of feelings in learning (as cited in Myles,….) Introducing the quote two reporting verbs are used, on what he argues and states on the topic. In this case, part of the sentence has been omitted in order to focus on the parts of the text that matter for the purpose. When reporting verbs are used, these are repeated: argue, advocate and state are the most frequent ones. Regarding insertions, there is one example of an insertion of a capital letter when Mc Laughlin (1988)is quoted on the possible sources of transfer errors ( as cited in Myles,…..). In the introduction of this quote, the author is cited using the typical structure of reporting verb, source and main idea.
Another usual device in this article is the use of in-text citations. These present a paraphrase of the author’s words. In some cases, the author’s name is included in the signal phrase, in which case only the date of publication is in parentheses. An example of this is: According to Ellis (1985), it is through…” (as cited in Myles…). In other cases, a study by an author is mentioned, in which case both author and date of publication are in parentheses, as when Cumming’s (1989),White’s (1994) and Zamel’s (1987) works are cited in reference to the use of instruction and response. The use of in-text citations is frequent and this is due to the need for sources from academic writing specialists, as well as from other fields related to second-language learning.
References
Myles, Johanne ( ) Second Language Writing and Research: The Writing Process and Error Analysis in Student Texts, retrieved from http:/www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESl-Ej/ej22/a1.html
Pintos, V., revised with Crimi, Y., Units 1, 2 and 3, EAP, retrieved from CAECE, August and September, 2010.
Analysis of Second Language Writing and Research: The Writing Process and Error Analysis in Student Texts[YAC1]
In the article analyzed[YAC2] , the use of quotations is a frequent device; many authors are quoted in order to provide a clear idea of the topic of second language writing and research. As an example, two authors are quoted [YAC3] when referring to the writer’s task[YAC4] : By putting together concepts and solving problems, the writer[YAC5] engages in "a two-way interaction between continuously developing knowledge and continuously developing text" (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987, as cited in Myles[YAC6] [YAC7] ,…).When mentioning the difficulty writing in a second language presents to the learners, other authors are quoted, narrowing the degree of difficulty , "particularly those who bring with them a set of conventions that are at odds with those of the academic world they are entering" (Kutz, Groden & Zamel, 1993, p. 30, as cited in Myles[YAC8] ,……). Also, the concept of discourse community is mentioned in this article, supported by Swales (1990 p. 4) who states that writing "should not be viewed solely as an individually-oriented, inner-directed cognitive process, but as much as an acquired response to the discourse conventions . . . within particular communities" (as cited in Myles,….). Related to this, Bereiter and Scardamalia (1987), criticize formal schooling that encourages the more passive kind of cognition by "continually telling students what to do," rather than encouraging them "to follow their spontaneous interests and impulses . . . and assume responsibility for what becomes of their minds" (p. 361, as cited in Myles[YAC9] ….).
Some quotations present omissions[YAC10] , for example [YAC11] when Schuman (1998) is cited in relation to the role of feelings in learning ([YAC12] as cited in Myles,….) Introducing the quote two reporting verbs are used, on what he argues and states on the topic. In this case, part of the sentence has been omitted in order to [YAC13] focus on the parts of the text that matter for the purpose. When reporting verbs are used, these are repeated: argue, advocate and state are the most frequent ones[YAC14] . Regarding insertions, there is one example of an insertion of a capital letter when Mc Laughlin (1988) is quoted on the possible sources of transfer errors ( as cited in Myles,…..). In the introduction of this quote, the author is cited using the typical structure of reporting verb, source and main idea[YAC15] .
Another usual device[YAC16] in this article is the use of in-text citations. These present [YAC17] a paraphrase of the author’s words. In some cases, the author’s name is included in the signal phrase, in which case only the date of publication is in parentheses. An example of this is: According to Ellis (1985), it is through…” (as cited in Myles…). In other cases, a study by an author is mentioned, in which case both author and date of publication are in parentheses, as when Cumming’s (1989),White’s (1994) and Zamel’s (1987) works are cited in reference to the use of instruction and response. The use of in-text citations is frequent and this is due to the need for sources from academic writing specialists, as well as from other fields related to second-language learning[YAC18] .
References
Myles, Johanne ( ) Second Language Writing and Research: The Writing Process and Error Analysis in Student Texts, retrieved [YAC19] from http:/www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESl-Ej/ej22/a1.html
Pintos, V., revised with Crimi, Y., Units 1, 2 and 3, EAP, retrieved from CAECE, August and September, 2010.
[YAC1]This is not the correct format for titles according to APA/.
[YAC2]Which article? Does your audience know what you are referring to? Start with a general intro about papers format in general and then, state the purpose of this paper.
[YAC3]Too repeated in such a short couple of lines.
[YAC4]Who? What task?
[YAC5]Not very academic.
[YAC6]Why have you included colours?
[YAC7]You should cite Myles’page.
[YAC8]Check omissions, please.
[YAC9]This paragraph is too long. Work on paragraph length.
[YAC10]What are omissions? Doe syour audience know?
[YAC11]Use a synonym.
[YAC12]Work on in text citations.
[YAC13]Are you 100% sure? Use modal verbs or verbs like appear/seem.
[YAC14]So, what is the analysis? What happens if we repeat the same terminology?
[YAC15]So far, you are describing the paper. You have to go deeper into your analysis.
[YAC16]Word Choice.
[YAC17]Grammar.
[YAC18]Final conclusion? Work on paragraph length. You have to analyse the article to state whether it follows APA style or if it fulfills academic requirements.
[YAC19]Not APA style.
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